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Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family and is made by the placenta and cardiovascular tissues. GDF-15 regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways during cellular stress and injury. GDF-15 is emerging as a biomarker of early heart disease, such that increased levels of circulating GDF-15 are associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). IL-1β signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1β and the independently regulated IL-1α protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is an important member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of proteins. NT-3 promotes the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons and synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The receptor tyrosine kinase TrkC exclusively binds in high-affinity to NT-3. NT-3 also signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB, and through the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR).

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and is expressed by monocytes and macrophages. HB-EGF is the predominant growth factor involved in epithelialization during wound healing. HB-EGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 to maintain adult heart homeostasis, and promotes cardiac valve development through binding in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). HB-EGF binds the the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase to mediate implantation of the human blastocyst. HB-EGF also functions as a potent mitogen for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) is a growth factor that is important during embryonic development, especially during lung, limb, brain, heart, and kidney morphogenesis.FGF-10 is expressed in mesenchymal cells and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal signaling through binding the epithelially expressed FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b). FGF-10 also functions as a mitogen for keratinising epidermal cells, and induces the migration and invasion of cancer cells.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta (MIP-3 β), also called CCL19, is a chemokine that is expressed in the thymus, lymph nodes, and activated bone marrow stromal cells. MIP-3 β signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR7 to regulate normal lymphocyte recirculation. MIP-3 β also functions  during T cell trafficking to the thymus, and in T cell and B cell homing to the lymph nodes and secondary lymphoid organs.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: The globular subunit of adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (ACRP-30) is a naturally occurring cleavage product of adiponectin, a protein made exclusively by adipocytes. ACRP-30 is an abundant serum protein and plays an important role in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and fatty acid oxidation. ACRP-30 signals through adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2).

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) families and functions to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic and adult tissues. GDF-5 is expressed in the central nervous system and promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDF-5 is also important during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Galectin-3 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins. Galectin-3 is expressed by a wide range of cell types including activated T cells, tumor cells, macrophages, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. Galectin-3 has specific binding affinity for beta-galactoside sugar moieties and has functional roles during development, innate immunity, cell apoptosis, and tumor metastasis. Galectin-3 is associated with cancer, heart failure, stroke, and inflammation. The amino acid sequences of human and mouse Galectin-3 proteins share 80% homology.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a hematopoietic cytokine produced in several tissues including the heart, liver, and prostate. TSLP induces the release of T-cell attracting chemokines from monocytes, and regulates the maturation of myeloid and epidermal dendritic cells. TSLP signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex containing the TSLP receptor (TSLP-R/CRLF2) and IL-7R alpha chain.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with one being VEGF-121. The VEGF-121 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell function.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 β), also known as CCL4, is produced by macrophages and functions as a mitogen-inducible cytokine. MIP-1 β signals through the chemokine receptor CCR5 to chemoattract immune cells. MIP-1 β induces inflammatory responses, including neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 β and MIP-1 α heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). 

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Oncostatin M is a cytokine that is produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes during inflammatory events. The Type-I and Type-II Oncostatin M receptors are located on the cell surface of endothelial and tumor cells, contain the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) subunit, and activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Oncostatin M functions to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce liver stem cell maturation, regulate cytokine production during hematopoiesis and inflammation, stimulate bone formation, and promote nervous system development.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Description: Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endothelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1).